Comparative Analysis of Dominant Russian and American Values

Relative examination of prevailing Russian and American Values The topic of qualities becomes significant when we can't comprehend and clarify the conduct of outsiders. Presumably you know this from your own understanding of correspondence with individuals from different nations: some of the time we believe that outsiders act abnormally or discourteously or only uniquely in contrast to what we anticipate. Much of the time this is what is generally called â€Å"cultural misunderstanding†. Alright, presently let’s harp on the idea â€Å"value†. There is an impressive disarray encompassing the meaning of values.In disdain of the way that there are numerous definitions and countless examinations, no definition has pulled in far reaching accord. Kurt Baier takes note of that to characterize esteems sociologists utilize a confounding bounty of terms, seething from what an individual needs, wants, needs, appreciates, likes to what the network appreciates, authorizes or implements. The idea of significant worth alludes to two differentiating thoughts. At one extraordinary we talk about monetary qualities dependent on items, riches, costs †on profoundly material things. In another unique situation, in any case, the word â€Å"value† gets a theoretical, immaterial and non-quantifiable meaning.Among such otherworldly qualities are opportunity, harmony, equity, value. In numerous social orders we locate a developing enmity between a portion of the new qualities proliferated by the broad communications, and the customary qualities acquired from an earlier time. For instance, we can single out such combines as: customary sex jobs/obscuring of sex jobs or conventional family life/elective families. In any case, let’s investigate so much stuff by taking a gander at two nations, America and Russia. Most importantly, we’ll give some illustrative data, at that point we’ll think about them. America.Before we can completely comp rehend the predominant American perspective we have to dissect the authentic and social underlying foundations of standard American culture. The soonest pilgrims who went toward the North American mainland were persuaded by the craving to get away from the control and the social request of government, nobility, and built up places of worship. They were looking for help from abuse and destitution and were prepared to make a new beginning. Opportunity is at the focal point of every one of that Americans worth and hold dear. The U. S. Bill of Rights, endorsed in 1791, guarantees singular rights, for example, the right to speak freely of discourse, press and religion.The idea of individual opportunity started to be related with the United States. By â€Å"freedom† Americans comprehend the craving and the capacity of a person to control his own existence without obstruction from any composed position. As should be obvious, Americans' thought of opportunity concentrated on the indi vidual and independence. The early pilgrims were generally ranchers whose achievement relied upon their capacity to endure and face hardships all alone. This glorified independent individual is effectively unmistakable in the modern age as a little specialist who turned into a monetary accomplishment on his own.This solid faith in independence and independence is the essential part of the American character. In spite of the fact that individuals are not equivalent in their capacities, fairness of chance is comprehended by Americans as an equivalent possibility for progress, an equivalent begin to enter the race for progress. Be that as it may, this fantasy declaring equivalent open doors has gotten one of the most battered standards of today. Just a generally modest number of individuals under corporate free enterprise can arrive at apex of progress, regardless of what number of individuals are gifted or roused to succeed.Only a couple can arrive at the top since they could teach th emselves and work hardest. There is likewise support from Protestant religious philosophy, which will in general partner difficult work and individual accomplishment with being in favor with God. In any setting buckling down is profoundly respected by Americans. The confidence of numerous Americans is firmly associated with performing profitable and remunerating work. Understudies and youngsters are urged to work low maintenance to increase significant experience and become contributing individuals from the family as opposed to being a dependant.Being a profitable individual from the general public is significant and adulated and it isn't astounding that old individuals and the debilitated endeavor to be valuable and beneficial in any capacity they can. The expression â€Å"to go from clothes to riches† mirrors the incomparable American dream in which material riches and assets are one of the top needs. Russia. Russia, more than some other nation, has consistently been a test for scholars and history specialists who attempted to give a legitimate portrayal of Russia's national personality and national character. There are, be that as it may, explanations for this uniqueness and complexity.Russia is an exceptionally old nation with the historical backdrop of over 11 centuries. It frequently happened that the new phase of advancement prevented all the qualities from securing the past one: from Tsarist Russia to Socialism, from Socialist Russia to the Free Market Economy. Notwithstanding, regardless of these major developments Russia has consistently shown its interestingly Russian character and style which have made due through hundreds of years and oppose all endeavors to change or westernize Russia. It is difficult to move toward the way of life of Russian individuals without attempting to take a gander at the geopolitical setting inside which Russia has lived for centuries.Russia is a tremendous nation, arranged on the intersection of Europe and Asia. With such an immense region to administer, Russia developed into a state controlled from its inside. Separation and detachment forestalled simple correspondence with different focuses of human advancement which added to seclusion from over the top remote impact and to the uniqueness of the Russian national perspective. Russia is additionally a northern nation with a long virus winter and short summer. The brutal atmosphere made Russians solid and sound, fit for suffering extraordinary hardship, patient and wary, dependant on the trial of time.The huge domains and cold atmosphere, along with the need to endure and oppose the assaults of neighboring nations developed the soul of communalism, which is frequently viewed as an overwhelming Russian worth. From ancient occasions when Russians grouped together to develop the land, to fell the trees, to gather the yields and to shield themselves from trespassers, sobornost (common soul, harmony) turned into an unmistakable component of Russi ans rather than the independence and intensity of the West. Communalism simultaneously achieved such beliefs as reliance on one another's assistance, common help and trust.Russians depend on a nearby system of loved ones and collaborators as assurance against the dangers and capriciousness of day by day life. Then again, mutual mindset is strange to the soul of independence and duty. Russians became acclimated to being determined what to do and what to think. Indeed, even in the cutting edge quickly changing world dynamic is frequently hard for Russians who like to allude choices to higher-ups, in this way freeing themselves of the duty in the event that things turn out badly. Another significant component of the Russian national worth framework †inclination of profound over material.N. Berdyaev believed Russians to be the most otherworldly individuals on the planet and asserted that the economy can be seen distinctly as an instrument yet not the objective or the most noteworth y worth. With the appearance of the market economy these days it might appear that numerous customary qualities will change drastically. Customary qualities are as yet solid †selflessness, feeling of obligation, sympathy, the significance of family, and love of nature, mental fortitude and good quality. We may just expectation that furnished with new commonsense measurements, these qualities will remain the standard Russian values.The List of Russian-American Values. 1. Going to limits (Russians) versus control in all things (Americans) A Russian can go through the entirety of his cash in a café during one night, Americans would presumably never do this and would consider the Russian conduct bizarre or simply absurd. 2. Kindness (Russians) versus being saved (Americans) A Russian can converse with a total outsider on the train about their issues, an American would presumably like to discuss football, instead of to impart their issues to anyone. 3. Liberality, accommodation (Ru ssians) vs.BEING PRACTICAL, setting aside cash (Americans) While Russian supper is a genuine dining experience, Americans make the same number of burgers as there are visitors expected; if Americans welcome you for espresso, they mean espresso and nothing else. 4. Grumbling about issues (Russians) versus Being in every case OK (Americans) Russians and Americans take care of their issues in various manners: if Russians have issues they go to their family members or companions, if Americans have issues, they go to their therapist. Russians and Americans likewise contrast in obtaining cash: Russians get cash from their family members or companions, Americans acquire cash from the bank. . Basic/unexpected disposition to one's nation (Russians) versus energy (Americans) Russian love of their nation is geological (they love their inclination, their birch-trees); American love is political (they love their opportunity and majority rule government and they accept that it's their hallowed ob ligation to secure opportunity and popular government everywhere throughout the world). 6. â€Å"Being† direction (Russians) versus â€Å"Action† direction (Americans) Americans are increasingly dynamic truly and intellectually. Russians like to sit at home doing pretty much nothing and gaining minimal expenditure for little work as opposed to stand the physical strains of hard work.Russians lean toward scholarly diversion to going in for sports (Americans favor sports). 7. Recreation direction (Russians) versus Work direction (Americans) You have buckled down before the test. At the point when you go to your test and get â€Å"5† you tell your associates that you knew it all and you merited it (American); you tell your partners that you knew nothing and got â€Å"5† as a result of cheating (Russian). 8. P

Adoption of Information and Communication Technology Essay

Theoretical Nigerian financial industry has become profoundly ICT-based and is receiving the rewards of mechanical upset as prove by its application in the greater part of its tasks. The target of this paper was to decide whether the Nigerian banks have fizzled or prevailing in the appropriation and utilization of ICT (see table 2.1). An assessment of the appropriation and utilization of ICT foundations from the periods between years 2000 to 2008 showed consistent development. It is assumed that starting today, the Nigerian banks may have achieved their ICT possibilities in their activities, however with certain difficulties. The paper reasons that the reception of ICT has impacted the substance and nature of banking activities. This paper suggests that interest in data and correspondence innovation should frame a significant segment in the general system of banking administrators to guarantee compelling tasks. Catchphrases: Information, Communication, Technology, Banking and Industry. Presentation Data and Communication Technology (ICT) is the mechanization of procedures, controls, and data creation utilizing PCs, broadcast communications, programming and other contraption that guarantee smooth and proficient running of exercises. It is a term that to a great extent covers the coupling of electronic innovation for the data needs of a business at all levels. ICT has outperformed the job of help administrations or just electronic information preparing; its fields of uses are marginally worldwide and boundless. Its gadgets particularly the Internet and present day PC email offices have additionally fortified early modernizations like the phone and fax. Other ICT gadgets incorporate information acknowledgment gear, industrial facility robotization equipment and administrations, telecomputing and video chats utilizing ongoing and online framework (Adeoti, 2005). The utilization of data and correspondence innovation ideas, procedures, approaches and execution systems to banking administrations has gotten a subject of crucial significance and worries to all banks and to be sure an essential for nearby and worldwide seriousness. Data and Communication Technology (ICT) legitimately influences how supervisors choose, how they plan and what items and administrations are offered in the financial business. It has kept on changing the manner in which banks and their corporate connections are sorted out worldwide and the assortment of inventive gadgets accessible to upgrade the speed and nature of administration conveyance. Harold and Jeff (1995) fight that money related specialist co-ops ought to alter their customary working practices to stay reasonable during the 1990s and the decades that follow. They guarantee that the most critical inadequacy in the financial business today is a wide spread disappointment with respect to senior administration in banks to get a handle on the significance of innovation and join it into their key plans likewise. Considering ICT to guarantee banks endurance, Woherem (2000) asserted that lone banks that redesign the entire of their installment and conveyance frameworks and apply ICT to their tasks are probably going to endure and flourish in the new thousand years. He advices banks to reconsider their administration and conveyance frameworks so as to appropriately situate them inside the structure of the directs of the dynamism of data and correspondence innovation. The financial business has seen huge changes connected with the improvements in ICT throughout the years. Nigerian banks have experienced changes in their activities since the union procedure of 2005, when a few banks had to converge with others to meet Central Bank of Nigeria’s (CBN) recapitalisation finance important for activity. Up to that point, the vast majority of the banks worked paper based frameworks at origin and later balanced at the beginning of ICT upset. As of late, ICT, which fundamentally includes the utilization of electronic contraptions particularly PCs for putting away, investigating and disseminating information, is affecting practically all parts of individual lives and that of the national economy †the financial area comprehensive. The expanding utilization of ICT has took into account combination of various financial units in a fantastic manner. This wonder isn't just relevant to Nigeria however different economies of the world, however the degree of their use may vary. In Nigeria, ICT utilization particularly in the financial division, has significantly improved, despite the fact that it might not have been as high as those watched for cutting edge nations (Adeoti, 2005; Adeyemi, 2006). The utilization of ICT in the financial part happened to enthusiasm to this investigation because of the critical job it plays in the economy. It helps in invigorating monetary development by guiding assets to financial operators that need them for gainful exercises. This capacity is indispensable for any economy that plans to encounter significant development since it makes courses of action that bring borrowers and loan specialists of money related asset together and more productively too than if they needed to relate legitimately with each other (Adam, 2005; Ojo, 2007). Generally, the financial segment goes about as a scaffold that associates banks and speculators in the economy. The bank changes (particularly the recapitalization that indicates a base capital base of 25 billion naira for business banks), are sought after with the end goal of causing the segment to understand its destinations in propelling the economy (CBN, 2006). It is normal that the effect of these changes will be upgraded with the utilization of ICT on the grounds that it will make some type of upper hand and improve banking administrations through exactness and proficiency in their exchanges. At the end of the day, it will change the idea of banks’ benefits as far as quality which will finish in more prominent assistance conveyance and efficiency. This is couple with the discoveries made by Adeoti (2005) that the utilization of data innovation has the capacity of improving the intensity of Nigerian assembling enterprises. Indeed, ICT has affected the Banking Industry as its development permits banks to apply credit-scoring strategies to customer credits, home loans or Visas. Henceforth, items that used to be exceptionally reliant on the banksâ' assessment of its clients have now gotten increasingly normalized. Different instances of ICT sway on the Banking Industry incorporate the expanded procedure effectiveness, which can lessen costs in banks. This has additionally delivered changes in the structure of bank pay. Because of expanded rivalry that has brought down edges in loaning tasks (the banks’ customary business), banks have differentiated their wellsprings of salary and depend progressively on pay from expenses benefits as opposed to financing cost spreads. Expenses charged for administrations incorporate run of the mill banking exercises like installment exchanges, safe care and record organization. Information stockpiling and recovery is another awesome advancement brought into the Banking Industry, where specific programming is locked in to make database to be controlled by Database Management Software (DBMS). A solitary database made could be utilized for a few purposes inside the framework so as to dispose of information excess. From the above talk, this paper tries to decide if the appropriation of ICT improves the tasks of Nigerian banks. To accomplish this, the basic piece of this paper subsequent to characterizing what ICT is, plainly settled that to stay reasonable in the present age as budgetary concerns, banks must receive ICT. In the succeeding segments, the paper will survey applicable writing and recognize the kinds of ICT foundations utilized in Banks; the advantages and impacts of ICT on banking industry will be talked about, after which an assessment of its prosperity or disappointment will be done; at that point, the end and proposals will be made. Writing REVIEW The Concept of ICT and a Perspective in Nigerian Banks Innovation can be alluded to as the utilization of information for the execution of a given assignment. It involves aptitudes and procedures important for completing exercises (works) in a given setting, while ICT incorporates PC frameworks, media transmission, systems, and sight and sound applications (Frenzel, 1996). It came into utilization in the late 1980’s supplanting prior terms like Electronic Data Processing (EDP), Management Information System (MIS), in spite of the fact that the last terms are still being used (Frenzel, 1996). ICT has risen above the job of help administrations or just electronic information preparing; its fields of utilizations are to some degree worldwide and boundless. Its gadgets particularly the Internet through the World Wide Web (www) and present day PC email offices have additionally reinforced early developments like the phone and fax. Other ICT gadgets incorporate information acknowledgment gear, production line mechanization equipment and administrations, tele-figuring and video chats utilizing ongoing and online framework (Adeoti, 2005). It is an idea that is remarkably affecting practically whole parts of the human undertakings. This means it includes the use of standards to connect with physical segment in accomplishing a planned objective. The union of PC and media transmission after around four many years of applying PCs to routine information preparing, predominantly in data stockpiling and recovery, has made another advancement where data has become the motor of development around the globe. This advancement has made get up to speed open doors for creating nations, for example, Nigeria to achieve wanted degrees of improvement without fundamentally ‘reinventing the wheels’ of monetary development. This new innovation has brought extensive transformation in social orders, which has colossally changed most business (banking) scenes (Ovia, 2005). Concerning the banks in Nigeria, the main set up bank was in 1892 (at that point African Banking Corporation). Be that as it may, there was no financial enactment until 1952 when three remote banks (Bank of British West Africa, Barclays Bank, and British and French Bank) an

How to Delegate Tasks Effectively (and Why Its Important)

How to Delegate Tasks Effectively (and Why It’s Important) One of my favorite Olympic sports to watch is track relay. The runners make blindly reaching for a baton at 20 mph while staying in their lanes look incredibly easy. But in truth, what they’re doing is extremely difficult. And it’s a lot like delegating effectively. Delegating sounds easyâ€"and others who can do it well make it look easyâ€"but passing the baton effectively requires a lot of trust, communication, and coordination. Still, if you learn how to delegateâ€"and you do it wellâ€"everyone on your team wins. Table of Contents: Why Is It Important to Delegate? Why Managers Fail to Delegate How to Determine When Delegating is Appropriate How to Delegate Tasks Effectively Why Is It Important to Delegate? As a leader, delegating is important because you can’tâ€"and shouldn’tâ€"do everything yourself. Delegating empowers your team, builds trust, and assists with professional development. And for leaders, it helps you learn how to identify who is best suited to tackle tasks or projects. Of course, delegating tasks can lighten your workload, but according to Dr. Scott Williams, professor of management at Wright State University, delegating does much more than just get stuff off your plate. For one, the people who work for you will be able to develop new skills and gain knowledge, which prepares them for more responsibility in the future. “Delegation can also be a clear sign that you respect your subordinates’ abilities and that you trust their discretion,” Williams writes. “Employees who feel that they are trusted and respected tend to have a higher level of commitment to their work, their organization, and, especially, their managers.” Why Managers Fail to Delegate While the benefits of delegating are obvious and plentiful, many managers still fail to delegate effectively. The reality is that there are several myths and misconceptions about delegating that can make some leaders wary of handing off work to others. They think delegating is just passing off work to someone else “Managers often mistake delegation for passing off work,” writes Harvey Mackay, founder of MackayMitchell Envelope Co. “So they don’t do it, and they wind up wasting their time as well as the company’s time and resources.” Delegation can be a chance to make workloads more manageable, but more than that, it can provide really valuable teaching opportunities for your employees, Mackay notes. Delegation is not a sign of weakness; it’s a sign of a strong leader. They think they can do it better One study found that two psychological processes make people more reluctant to delegate work: the self-enhancement effect, which is a manager’s tendency to evaluate a work product more highly the more involved he/she is in its production the faith in supervision effect, which is when people have a tendency to think work performed under the control of a supervisor is better than work performed without as much supervision Watch for those biases in your work. They could be a sign that you need to focus on building more trust within your team. Related: 6 Simple Tips for Effective Team Management They’re nervous about letting go Letting go can be challenging, but accepting that you can’t do everything yourself is important. “Giving up being ‘the go-to expert’ takes tremendous confidence and perspective even in the healthiest environments,” says Carol Walker, president of Prepared to Leadâ€"a consulting firm that focuses on developing young leaders. Remind yourself that your team wants to do good work and be successful just like you do. If your employees succeed, you succeed. “I’ve learned that people will seldom let you down if they understand that your destiny is in their handsâ€"and vice versa,” says Mackay. Theyre worried delegating will take longer than just doing the work Another common barrier to delegation is that it can take longer to teach someone else how to do a task than to just do it yourself. And while that might be true the first time you delegate the task, over time, the amount of time you have to dedicate to that task decreases because you won’t have to be involved with it at all. Imagine that it will take you eight hours to walk someone through a task you have to complete every week. Typically, it takes you an hour to complete the task. Once eight weeks have passed after you’ve trained someone else to do the task for you, you’ll have recouped the time you spent on training and now have an extra hour each week. With that extra hour, you can focus on more important work, such as strategy, coaching, or developmentâ€"the things leaders are supposed to do. How to Determine When Delegating is Appropriate Another common barrier to delegation is that leaders aren’t sure which tasks they should and shouldn’t be delegating. In every manager’s workloadâ€"particularly new managersâ€"there are likely tasks that you should do and tasks that you should delegate. Career and business strategist Jenny Blake recommends conducting an audit of your tasks using the rules below to find out which of your tasks should be delegated: Tiny: Tiny tasks are little things that only take a small amount of time to complete but add up over time. These might be things an assistant could do: scheduling meetings, booking flights for business trips, or deleting spam/marketing emails from your inbox. Tedious: Tedious tasks are mindless tasks, such as copying and pasting lead information from your marketing automation tool to your CRM. Tedious tasks require little skill and can be easily delegated. Time-consuming: Time-consuming tasks are opportunities to break work into smaller chunks and delegate portions of the work to others. If you perform a task regularly that takes a lot of time, look for opportunities to hand off segments of that task to others. Teachable: Do you have tasks on your plate that you could easily teach someone else to complete? If a task is entirely teachableâ€"if it does not require expertise that only you can provideâ€"it’s a worthwhile candidate for delegation. Terrible at: Maybe you have no design skills, so it takes you six times as long to create graphics for your blog posts as it would a professional designer. It’s better to delegate that task to someone who’s more equipped to do the work quickly and well. Time-sensitive: Maybe it would be better if you handled all of the tasks belonging to a time-sensitive project, but if you won’t have time to complete it doing it all on your own, it’s time to find ways to delegate parts of that task to other members of your team. Additionally, you may need to consider delegating tasks you love doing but are no longer part of your job. If you recently moved into a leadership role, you may have pet projects from your days as an individual contributor, but if it’s now someone else’s job to complete those tasks, it’s time to delegate and teach that person how to do it for you. Delegate tasks efficiently with MeisterTask Sign up for free Its free! Sign up for free How to Delegate Tasks Effectively Here are a few tips to help you delegate effectively so that your team shares the workload and makes progress that benefits everyone. 1. Choose the right person for the job Part of being a good leader is understanding your employees’ strengths, weaknesses, and preferences. If you need to delegate a task that is going to require a lot of collaboration to complete, don’t delegate it to someone who very strongly prefers working alone. Delegate it to someone who prefers collaborating. If you conducted the audit recommended in the section above, you may have a list of tasks you’re looking to delegate. You may want to consider sitting down with your team, going through the list, and letting people self-select the tasks they’re most interested in taking over. Letting people choose the tasks they’re delegated is another way to build trust with and inspire engagement among your team. 2. Explain why you’re delegating If you’re delegating a task to someone out of the blue, it really helps when you provide context for why you’re giving them that responsibility. “When you select people to delegate to, tell them why you chose them specifically and how you hope to see this help them grow,” says Alex Cavoulacos, founder of The Muse. “Help them see each delegated task as an opportunity to take on more responsibilities or grow new skills.” 3. Provide the right instructions Every good delegator provides basic and important information without micromanaging. Stephen Covey, author of The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People, suggests that you delegate results rather than methods: “For example, say, ‘Here’s what we are doing. Here’s what we’re after. I want you to get the sale,’ instead of ‘Follow up on those leads,” Covey says. Tell employees your goals or the milestones you hope to hit and let them tackle the problem in their own way. Don’t look for perfection or micromanage; someone else might complete a task differently than you would. As long as you get the result you’re looking for, that’s okay. 4. Provide resources and training You have to make sure the person tasked with a job or project has the tools and resources they need to be successful. “A good training rule of thumb is ‘I do, we do, you do’ (i.e. watch me do this, then let’s do it together, now you try),” says Cavoulacos. Make sure that when you delegate a task, the person has the tools and skills they need to complete the taskâ€"or provide a way for them to work on those skills. For example, if you ask someone to use a specific tool they’ve never used before to complete a task, make sure there’s a plan for them to become familiar with the tool first. 5. Delegate responsibility *and* authority You’ve probably been in a situation where you were tasked with something but didn’t feel fully empowered to make decisions. As a result, the work stalls, you end up having to ask for help, and the task takes more time from both the employee and the manager. “Managers who fail to delegate responsibility in addition to specific tasks eventually find themselves reporting to their subordinates and doing some of the work, rather than vice versa,” writes Martin Zwilling, founder and CEO of Startup Professionals. Foster an environment and culture where people feel they’re able to make decisions, ask questions, and take the necessary steps to complete the work. 6. Check the work and provide feedback There’s nothing worse than a manager who delegates something to an employee and then blames the employee when something goes wrong. Don’t be that manager. Check the work you delegated to your employees when it’s complete, make sure they did it correctly, and give them any feedback needed to improve when handling the task going forward. 7. Say thank you When someone completes a task or project you delegated, show genuine appreciation and point out specific things they did right or well. When you make a note of those specifics, you’re giving people a roadmap for what they should continue to do to be successful. “This is the simplest step but one of the hardest for many people to learn,” Zwilling says. “It will inspire loyalty, provide real satisfaction for work done, and become the basis for mentoring and performance reviews.” The Benefits of Learning to Delegate If you delegate well, you can increase trust and commitment with your employees, improve productivity, and make sure the right people are performing the tasks that best suit them. So don’t be afraid to pass the baton. It might take some practice to become a great delegator, but if you work at it, you’ll all go further. Originally published in March 2017, this post has been updated to provide more information about how to determine which tasks should be delegated and to add a few more delegating tips. You might also like: 3 Creative Leadership Methods to Spark the Next Big Idea 3 Proven Strategies to Motivate Your Team 4 Strategies to Make Creativity a Key Part of Company Culture 4 Steps for Successful Employee Development Delegate tasks efficiently with MeisterTask Sign up for free Its free! Sign up for free How to Delegate Tasks Effectively (and Why It’s Important) One of my favorite Olympic sports to watch is track relay. The runners make blindly reaching for a baton at 20 mph while staying in their lanes look incredibly easy. But in truth, what they’re doing is extremely difficult. And it’s a lot like delegating effectively. Delegating sounds easyâ€"and others who can do it well make it look easyâ€"but passing the baton effectively requires a lot of trust, communication, and coordination. Still, if you learn how to delegateâ€"and you do it wellâ€"everyone on your team wins. Table of Contents: Why Is It Important to Delegate? Why Managers Fail to Delegate How to Determine When Delegating is Appropriate How to Delegate Tasks Effectively Why Is It Important to Delegate? As a leader, delegating is important because you can’tâ€"and shouldn’tâ€"do everything yourself. Delegating empowers your team, builds trust, and assists with professional development. And for leaders, it helps you learn how to identify who is best suited to tackle tasks or projects. Of course, delegating tasks can lighten your workload, but according to Dr. Scott Williams, professor of management at Wright State University, delegating does much more than just get stuff off your plate. For one, the people who work for you will be able to develop new skills and gain knowledge, which prepares them for more responsibility in the future. “Delegation can also be a clear sign that you respect your subordinates’ abilities and that you trust their discretion,” Williams writes. “Employees who feel that they are trusted and respected tend to have a higher level of commitment to their work, their organization, and, especially, their managers.” Why Managers Fail to Delegate While the benefits of delegating are obvious and plentiful, many managers still fail to delegate effectively. The reality is that there are several myths and misconceptions about delegating that can make some leaders wary of handing off work to others. They think delegating is just passing off work to someone else “Managers often mistake delegation for passing off work,” writes Harvey Mackay, founder of MackayMitchell Envelope Co. “So they don’t do it, and they wind up wasting their time as well as the company’s time and resources.” Delegation can be a chance to make workloads more manageable, but more than that, it can provide really valuable teaching opportunities for your employees, Mackay notes. Delegation is not a sign of weakness; it’s a sign of a strong leader. They think they can do it better One study found that two psychological processes make people more reluctant to delegate work: the self-enhancement effect, which is a manager’s tendency to evaluate a work product more highly the more involved he/she is in its production the faith in supervision effect, which is when people have a tendency to think work performed under the control of a supervisor is better than work performed without as much supervision Watch for those biases in your work. They could be a sign that you need to focus on building more trust within your team. Related: 6 Simple Tips for Effective Team Management They’re nervous about letting go Letting go can be challenging, but accepting that you can’t do everything yourself is important. “Giving up being ‘the go-to expert’ takes tremendous confidence and perspective even in the healthiest environments,” says Carol Walker, president of Prepared to Leadâ€"a consulting firm that focuses on developing young leaders. Remind yourself that your team wants to do good work and be successful just like you do. If your employees succeed, you succeed. “I’ve learned that people will seldom let you down if they understand that your destiny is in their handsâ€"and vice versa,” says Mackay. Theyre worried delegating will take longer than just doing the work Another common barrier to delegation is that it can take longer to teach someone else how to do a task than to just do it yourself. And while that might be true the first time you delegate the task, over time, the amount of time you have to dedicate to that task decreases because you won’t have to be involved with it at all. Imagine that it will take you eight hours to walk someone through a task you have to complete every week. Typically, it takes you an hour to complete the task. Once eight weeks have passed after you’ve trained someone else to do the task for you, you’ll have recouped the time you spent on training and now have an extra hour each week. With that extra hour, you can focus on more important work, such as strategy, coaching, or developmentâ€"the things leaders are supposed to do. How to Determine When Delegating is Appropriate Another common barrier to delegation is that leaders aren’t sure which tasks they should and shouldn’t be delegating. In every manager’s workloadâ€"particularly new managersâ€"there are likely tasks that you should do and tasks that you should delegate. Career and business strategist Jenny Blake recommends conducting an audit of your tasks using the rules below to find out which of your tasks should be delegated: Tiny: Tiny tasks are little things that only take a small amount of time to complete but add up over time. These might be things an assistant could do: scheduling meetings, booking flights for business trips, or deleting spam/marketing emails from your inbox. Tedious: Tedious tasks are mindless tasks, such as copying and pasting lead information from your marketing automation tool to your CRM. Tedious tasks require little skill and can be easily delegated. Time-consuming: Time-consuming tasks are opportunities to break work into smaller chunks and delegate portions of the work to others. If you perform a task regularly that takes a lot of time, look for opportunities to hand off segments of that task to others. Teachable: Do you have tasks on your plate that you could easily teach someone else to complete? If a task is entirely teachableâ€"if it does not require expertise that only you can provideâ€"it’s a worthwhile candidate for delegation. Terrible at: Maybe you have no design skills, so it takes you six times as long to create graphics for your blog posts as it would a professional designer. It’s better to delegate that task to someone who’s more equipped to do the work quickly and well. Time-sensitive: Maybe it would be better if you handled all of the tasks belonging to a time-sensitive project, but if you won’t have time to complete it doing it all on your own, it’s time to find ways to delegate parts of that task to other members of your team. Additionally, you may need to consider delegating tasks you love doing but are no longer part of your job. If you recently moved into a leadership role, you may have pet projects from your days as an individual contributor, but if it’s now someone else’s job to complete those tasks, it’s time to delegate and teach that person how to do it for you. Delegate tasks efficiently with MeisterTask Sign up for free Its free! Sign up for free How to Delegate Tasks Effectively Here are a few tips to help you delegate effectively so that your team shares the workload and makes progress that benefits everyone. 1. Choose the right person for the job Part of being a good leader is understanding your employees’ strengths, weaknesses, and preferences. If you need to delegate a task that is going to require a lot of collaboration to complete, don’t delegate it to someone who very strongly prefers working alone. Delegate it to someone who prefers collaborating. If you conducted the audit recommended in the section above, you may have a list of tasks you’re looking to delegate. You may want to consider sitting down with your team, going through the list, and letting people self-select the tasks they’re most interested in taking over. Letting people choose the tasks they’re delegated is another way to build trust with and inspire engagement among your team. 2. Explain why you’re delegating If you’re delegating a task to someone out of the blue, it really helps when you provide context for why you’re giving them that responsibility. “When you select people to delegate to, tell them why you chose them specifically and how you hope to see this help them grow,” says Alex Cavoulacos, founder of The Muse. “Help them see each delegated task as an opportunity to take on more responsibilities or grow new skills.” 3. Provide the right instructions Every good delegator provides basic and important information without micromanaging. Stephen Covey, author of The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People, suggests that you delegate results rather than methods: “For example, say, ‘Here’s what we are doing. Here’s what we’re after. I want you to get the sale,’ instead of ‘Follow up on those leads,” Covey says. Tell employees your goals or the milestones you hope to hit and let them tackle the problem in their own way. Don’t look for perfection or micromanage; someone else might complete a task differently than you would. As long as you get the result you’re looking for, that’s okay. 4. Provide resources and training You have to make sure the person tasked with a job or project has the tools and resources they need to be successful. “A good training rule of thumb is ‘I do, we do, you do’ (i.e. watch me do this, then let’s do it together, now you try),” says Cavoulacos. Make sure that when you delegate a task, the person has the tools and skills they need to complete the taskâ€"or provide a way for them to work on those skills. For example, if you ask someone to use a specific tool they’ve never used before to complete a task, make sure there’s a plan for them to become familiar with the tool first. 5. Delegate responsibility *and* authority You’ve probably been in a situation where you were tasked with something but didn’t feel fully empowered to make decisions. As a result, the work stalls, you end up having to ask for help, and the task takes more time from both the employee and the manager. “Managers who fail to delegate responsibility in addition to specific tasks eventually find themselves reporting to their subordinates and doing some of the work, rather than vice versa,” writes Martin Zwilling, founder and CEO of Startup Professionals. Foster an environment and culture where people feel they’re able to make decisions, ask questions, and take the necessary steps to complete the work. 6. Check the work and provide feedback There’s nothing worse than a manager who delegates something to an employee and then blames the employee when something goes wrong. Don’t be that manager. Check the work you delegated to your employees when it’s complete, make sure they did it correctly, and give them any feedback needed to improve when handling the task going forward. 7. Say thank you When someone completes a task or project you delegated, show genuine appreciation and point out specific things they did right or well. When you make a note of those specifics, you’re giving people a roadmap for what they should continue to do to be successful. “This is the simplest step but one of the hardest for many people to learn,” Zwilling says. “It will inspire loyalty, provide real satisfaction for work done, and become the basis for mentoring and performance reviews.” The Benefits of Learning to Delegate If you delegate well, you can increase trust and commitment with your employees, improve productivity, and make sure the right people are performing the tasks that best suit them. So don’t be afraid to pass the baton. It might take some practice to become a great delegator, but if you work at it, you’ll all go further. Originally published in March 2017, this post has been updated to provide more information about how to determine which tasks should be delegated and to add a few more delegating tips. You might also like: 3 Creative Leadership Methods to Spark the Next Big Idea 3 Proven Strategies to Motivate Your Team 4 Strategies to Make Creativity a Key Part of Company Culture 4 Steps for Successful Employee Development Delegate tasks efficiently with MeisterTask Sign up for free Its free! Sign up for free

Is Capital Punishment Ever Justified - 844 Words

Capital punishment, better known as the death penalty, is the act of killing or executing a person who was found guilty of a serious crime, by the government. Capital punishment became widespread during the Middle Ages and was applied throughout Western Europe for more than two thousand years. Although, the call to abolish it started in the 18th century, some of the first countries being Venezuela in 1863, San Marino in 1865, and Costa Rica in 1877. Great Britain abolished the death penalty in 1965 and was permanently outlawed in 1969. By 2004, eighty-one countries had abolished capital punishment, but some countries in the Caribbean, Africa and Asia still use it for ordinary crimes. At present day, China and the United States apply the†¦show more content†¦Thus, public defenders tend to avoid spending the necessary amount of time on a capital case to effectively defend the defendant. Bedau and Cassel concluded â€Å"Death sentences are imposed in a criminal justice system that treats you better if you are rich and guilty than if you are poor and innocent.† Moreover, it is argued that capital punishment may violate Eighth Amendment rights against cruel and unusual punishments. It is cruel because it is a relic of the earliest days of penology, when slavery, branding, and other corporal punishments were commonplace. Like those barbaric practices, it can be argued executions have no place in a civilized society. It is unusual because only the United States of all the western industrialized nations engages in this punishment. It is also unusual because only a random sampling of convicted murderers in the United States receive a sentence of death. There are also a number of moral arguments against the death penalty. Abolitionists believe in the value and respect of human life. Others believe that the state has no right to kill any of its prisoners, as the life of the criminal cannot compensate for the crime committed. Finally, some see the death penalty as an affront to human dignity and a violation of the offender’s right to live. Nevertheless, there are arguments in favor of capital punishment. When answering aShow MoreRelatedIs Violence ever justified1043 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Is violence ever justified? The debate about the use of violence has been on going for the last decade. Violence, the act of causing physical harm to another person willingly, has often been categorized as being an uncivilized, unjustified act. It is mostly known, and commonsensical knowledge that attacking or inflicting harm upon another person is â€Å"wrong†. Most of us frown upon people who resort to such violent acts, and they are punishable by law. However, as we progress into the 21st centuryRead MoreCapital Punishment Essay example710 Words   |  3 PagesCapital Punishment Lets keep society safe and give murderers what they deserve - the death penalty. In this essay I will hope to set out both sides of the argument, for and against Capital Punishment. The advantages and the disadvantages will be considered in conjunction with Christian teachings and belief. The Christian teachings, Old Testament and New Testament will also be compared with human reactions to the subject. From my research and analysis inRead MoreIs The Death Penalty Ever Justified?1099 Words   |  5 PagesLyndze Curry Professor Jennifer Arceo English 1301.1CY 09, June 2015 Is The Death Penalty Ever Justified? In the American society many citizens argue daily, is the death penalty justified? The United States is sharply divided, and equally strong among both supporters and protesters of the death penalty. Arguing against capital punishment, many believe The death penalty is the ultimate denial of human rights (White).† Some simply believe it to be premeditated and cold-blooded killing of a humanRead MoreThe Capital Punishment Arguments888 Words   |  4 PagesDEATH PENALTY ARGUMENTS Introduction to the Issue Capital punishment is one of the most controversial issues in contemporary American criminal justice administration because it consists of the purposeful taking of the life of another. On one hand, killing for any reason besides the absolute necessity of self-defense violates the moral principles upon which modern society is built. On the other hand, there are criminals whose conduct (including the wanton murder of others) justifies suspensionRead MoreThe Death Penalty: Can It Ever Be Justified? Essay1426 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"The Death Penalty: Can It Ever Be Justified?† Edward I. Koch uses his essay â€Å"The Death Penalty: Can It Ever Be Justified?† to defend capital punishment. He believes that justice for murderous crimes is essential for the success of the nation. The possibility of error is of no concern to Koch and if would-be murderers can be deterred from committing these heinous crimes, he feels the value of human life will be boosted and murder rates will consequently plummet (475-479). Koch makes a valiantRead MoreCapital Punishment : A Prosperous And Amazing Journey For The Development And Advancements Of The Human Race1656 Words   |  7 Pagesnation needed to be pure and as humanely guided as possible. The concept of capital punishment, although highly challenged, has a chronicle of evidence that supports the requirement of the death penalty. Capital punishment is necessary based on the fact that evil does occur in the world, but there is no place for it. When evil actions are committed society must extinguish such evil to reestablish the equilibrium. Capital punishment is a utility to governments of nations that has served to expunge andRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is Not Morally Permissible?1231 Words   |  5 Pages  For thousands of years, punishment for crime has been met with several different styles of execution. In 1976, the United States government reinstalled the death penalty four short years after having banned it claiming that it violated the Constitution s ban on cruel and unusual punishment (MacKinnon, Ethics 289). Since 1976, the morality of execution as just punishment has been a highly discussed topic. The death penalty is not morally permissible because dissolving one s basic human rightRead MoreDealth Penalty Is Not a Solution Essay1003 Words   |  5 Pagespurpose of the justice system is to control crime by punishing criminals and protect people by imprisoning them. Compared to the death penalty, life imprisonment not only achieves the same goals but also in many ways it can be more effective than capital p unishment. In the Vincent Brothers’ case of 2004, Brothers murdered five of his family members- his wife, children, and mother in law. During his trial, his only surviving daughter Margaret Kerns-Brothers gave a heart-wrenching testimony about how theRead MoreAn Eye for an Eye: The Death Penalty1553 Words   |  7 Pagesa tooth. However, in light of recent research into ethics, criminology and the justice system, the time has come for us to re-examine our ageless paradigm of revenge. Capital punishment is a custom in which prisoners are executed in accordance with judicial practice when they are convicted of committing a â€Å"capital crime.† Capital crimes are crimes considered so atrocious that they should be punishable by death. This may be done as an act of retribution, to ensure that the individual cannot commitRead MoreCapital Punishment : The Death Penalty Essay1331 Words   |  6 PagesCapital punishment, commonly known as the death penalty, is a legal sanctioned practice where a person is put to death by the state as a punishment for a crime that they have been found guilty of committing. Usually it is only used as a punishment for very serious crimes such as certain types of murder, but in some countries fraud, adultery and rape are capital crimes punished by the death sentence. The death penalty was historically misused, given out for minor crimes, and to triumph over rebellious

Military Doctrine Defines Logistics As The Science Of...

Military doctrine defines logistics as ‘the science of planning and carrying out the movement and maintenance of forces’.1 Logistics is the applied art of moving armies and providing for the provision of support to keep that army moving or in location. It is a continuous and never ending operation. For the purposes of this paper it may be taken that a focus on the art of sustainment — that is, the actual process of maintaining an army during operations, with a smaller focus on the administrative side. Some parts of the administration side will not be looked at in this paper, these include record keeping, discipline and medical provision. In this paper, however, I shall be concentrating on what the major logistical issues confronting†¦show more content†¦What was the available transport by land, river or sea? What was the length, security and nature of communication lines? However, this biggest questions were concerned with the welfare of the soldier, what were they going to eat? What weapons were available? How were they going to be cared for? These were the questions that if not dealt with appropriately would rapidly decrease the effectiveness of the army.1 First of all, the most important part of logistics, the sustenance and hydration of the soldiers needs to be considered. In short what were they going to eat and drink throughout the campaign? The methods changed quite notably throughout the time period, this having some relationship to the size of armies, although this will be covered at a later time. The first method of both feeding the army and drawing the enemy from their fortifications was the chevauchee, essentially an armed raid, typified by pillage, burning, rape and murder, essentially destroying everything in its path. An example of this would be Edward III, who ravaged France, both surviving in enemy territory and also compelling Phillip to fight in open combat. The chevauchee can be seen as an effective form of feeding small armies, however any great army would have trouble acquiring the sheer amount necessary for its survival. Following the decline of the chevauchee and an increase in army

Back in the closet Free Essays

The main point of this essay is that even though free speech protects a lot of things it doesn’t protect every kind of â€Å"free† speech because there are boundaries when one is forced to look instead of given the choice to look or not. The author’s purpose in writing it is to show that she is in agreement with most of the foundational aspects of the American Constitution but that she, in a very patriotic way or even a humanist way does not believe that pornography should be protected by free speech. Her attitude is challenging to precisely pin down because she seems so loyal to what the supreme court ultimately decides. We will write a custom essay sample on Back in the closet or any similar topic only for you Order Now While it’s reasonable to believe that she favors making the distinction that pornography should not be protected because it expounds on a hatred of women and is too prevalent to be simply ignored, she leaves it to the courts to decide in the end. So we can say that she has the status of an invested concern that aims towards a neutral attempt that allows for the judicial process to do its work. Some of her most provocative and supporting details are when she clearly outlines a difference in what was being protected by the free speech amendment. It shifts from the political to the violent, from political statements to personal biases and intense hatreds. While political statements can be very biased and members may share intense hatreds this often is not as explicit and in your face as pornography. A major component of pornography’s offensiveness lies in the growth of technology and how easy it is for people to make, distribute, and popularize things called pornography that used to be mostly hidden and not really talked about openly or as offensively. In our contemporary society there is so much pornography that one becomes numb to it and in a strange way there seems to be less of it. There are more outright protections against pornography and more public outrage against in your face pornography like Janet Jackson’s wardrobe malfunction incident. This shows that pornography has become more of a private issue with the measure being less what the courts say and more what the audience of a particular media thinks and makes known. I think this is a definitive step and one can wonder how much court rulings played into how we live in a world full of pornography today but manage to ignore or are simply not confronted by most of what does exist. How to cite Back in the closet, Papers

Substance Abuse an Example of the Topic Health Essays by

Substance Abuse Nothing is wrong when someone uses drugs as medication and drinks alcoholic beverages. But becoming addicted to these substances is a serious case that becomes difficult to deal with when it gets out of control. Substances that are usually abused are drugs, tobacco and alcohol, and abuse can turn into dependency. Need essay sample on "Substance Abuse" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The Food and Drug Administration defines substance abuse as the use of substance for more than its intended purposethat can harm the users health or capability to function properly. In most cases, people become victims to substance abuse because the substance provides a positive, euphoric effect. Moreover, the substance is believed to reduce tension and even enhance personal abilities. However, addiction to substances differs from individual to individual. Biological factors also have effects on a persons susceptibility to substance addiction (Friends4Life, 2000). Substance Abuse There are varied and complicated reasons why people abuse substances such as alcohol, drugs and tobacco. There are studies which showed that there is a strong connection between drug dependence and abuse and crime. Despite the decline in the use of drug such as cocaine, the use of heroin and club drugs dramatically increased. Addiction to these substances affects peoples judgment, attention, perception, and physical control due to intoxication. Moreover, there are substances which can cause withdrawal. It occurs when a persons use of a substance reduces or stops. Withdrawal symptoms can be in the form of hallucinations, anxiety, or seizures. Drug overdose, however, can cause death. Substances can also cause tolerance, a phenomenon wherein a person has to use or take a larger amount of the substance so that the person experiences the same level of intoxication (eMedicineHealth, Substance Abuse, 2009). Past researches have tried to determine factors that may be associated with substance abuse. Some say it is a family disease. On the contrary, substance abuse can be considered a person disease as it is about a certain person and his or her use of substances. However, there are instance when it is useful to look at addiction from the perspective of the user and there are also other circumstances that addiction may be better explained by looking through the perspective of the family (Levin, Culkin, and Perrotto, 2001). In some ways, addiction is a family disease because it runs in the family. As addiction is partly genetic, evidences to show that there is a clustering in the families with regards to drug and alcohol problems are present. Further, families sometimes share predisposition. Addiction being a family disease can also be explained by the notion that addiction can be learned through modeling. A son or a daughter can possibly smoke at a young age because he or she sees his or her father or mother smoke all the time (Levin, Culkin, and Perrotto, 2001). Another explanation for this behavior is the defensive identification with the aggressor. It means that children whose parents are addicted to substances cope with the dysfunction by becoming like their parents. Moreover, most of those who have addicted families experience pain that using substance as anesthetics and self-medication helps. In short, children tend to be substance abusers if their parents are. This can be backed by the evidence in studies that alcoholism which runs in the family has consistent results. Moreover, researches and clinical experience from studies on drug abuse also show that addiction is inherent in the family (Levin, Culkin, and Perrotto, 2001). Drugs Even in the early times, people have been using drugs for a variety of purposes. Some take them for reasons such as altering consciousness, medication, and participating in religious and cultural rituals. As times changed, people have come to use drugs for reasons that are completely not related to the historical purposes. In fact, they use substances due to their psychoactive effects. A psychoactive drug is one that influences ones emotions, perceptions, motivation and behavior. Drugs that have psychoactive effects are depressants, opioids, hallucinogens, inhalants, and cannabinoids (Levin, Culkin, and Perrotto, 2001). Specific examples of drugs that are usually abused are marijuana, cocaine, heroin, methamphetamines, and club drugs, which include ecstasy and LSD. Results of studies showed that the use of marijuana and other drugs are closely related to violent behavior. Methamphetamine, for instance, increases paranoia and reduces inhibitions (Division of Behavioral Health Services, 2005). Tobacco Tobacco contains nicotine, which is the primary addicting substance in cigarettes. However, there are other chemicals in a cigarette smoke that could damage a persons health. Diseases that are associated with smoking include lung cancer, peptic ulcer disease, stroke, and heart disease. Once a smoker withdraws, he or she will experience depression, anxiety, sleep disturbances, and hunger (eMedicineHealth, Substance Abuse, 2009). Like drugs, people have varied reasons for using tobacco. These reasons could range from simple pleasure to weight control. Other reasons are curbing hunger, relief of depression and improved vigilance and performance (eMedicineHealth, Substance Abuse, 2009). Alcohol Alcohol is a depressant that has a tranquilizing effect and sleepiness. A person may abuse the use of alcohol because of its psychoactive effects. It can relieve emotional tension, and can cause a person to feel happy, bold, and more confident. The negative effect, on the other hand, includes the person becoming intoxicated by it. It also adds to the impairment of reasoning and judgment. Moreover, intoxication may cause slurred and garbled speech, disturbed vision, and difficulty in motor coordination and maintaining balance (cited in Levin, Culkin, and Perrotto, 2001). Perhaps the most prominent effect of alcohol abuse is loss of memory. In addition, alcohol usually releases a person from inhibitions as alcohol affects certain parts of the brain, especially in the limbic system and frontal lobe that are responsible for self-control, emotions, and moral reasoning. This causes the drunken person to become rowdy and at times violent. Studies have also shown that intoxication is related with aggression and violent crimes (cited in Levin, Culkin, and Perrotto, 2001). Dependency People may interchange the terms abuse and dependency. However, dependency is worse. This stage shows that the use of the substance becomes progressively worse (Division of Behavioral Health Services, 2005). While abuse refers to the bodys intense desire to take increasing amounts of a substance, dependence indicates the bodys need, or addiction, to a certain substance. Dependence can result in behavioral problems and physical harm. Moreover, it can cause a person to associate with others who abuse drugs (eMedicineHealth, Drug Dependence and Abuse, 2009). Most of the time, the use of substances is continued despite the serious consequences in the personal lives and health of those who are dependent on substances (Division of Behavioral Health Services, 2005). There are symptoms which indicate if substance abuse is already on to the level of dependency. Dependence is characterized by the increasing episodes of intoxication. It is also characterized by a persons loss of interest in other things. Moreover, he or she loses control over use of the substance, and feels remorse at how his or her use of the substance resulted to. In addition, dependence indicates the persons tolerance to the drug or alcohol. It is also possible that he or she reacts negatively to withdrawal from the drug. Furthermore, memory failures can be a result of substance dependence. And, in many cases, those who are dependent on substances experience problems on a personal and social level with regards to work, and relationships (Division of Behavioral Health Services, 2005). References Division of Behavioral Health Services. (2005). Self-study handbook. Nebraska Department of Health and Human Services. eMedicineHealth. (2009). Drug dependence and abuse. WebMD. Retrieved January 12, 2009, from http://www.emedicinehealth.com/drug_dependence_and_abuse/article_em.htm eMedicineHealth. (2009). Substance abuse. WebMD. Retrieved January 8, 2009, from http://www.emedicinehealth.com/substance_abuse/article_em.htm Friends4Life. (2000). Substance abuse. Levin, J.D., J. Culkin, and R.S. Perrotto. (2001). Introduction to Chemical Dependency Counseling. U.S.: Rowman & Littlefield.